Age, handedness, and estimated IQ were matched between the two groups. Twenty male individuals with ASD and twenty male TD controls participated in the experiments. Our analysis of functional connectivity in resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) suggested that connectivity between the visual cortex and the cerebellum may contribute to the distinct force-sharing pattern in ASD during the visual feedback control phase. Moreover, we found a significant correlation between the 4D dependence and scores of the standard diagnostic instrument (Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule: ADOS) across individuals with ASD. This was found in a specific (visual feedback control) phase of the task. We actually found a significant 4D dependence in the force-sharing patterns of participants with ASD. According to our hypothesis, we predict that participants with ASD would rely on the 4D during force adjustment, and that the force ratio of the 4D to the total force of the four fingers would be higher (4D dependence) in participants with ASD than TD controls. We investigated the difference in finger-force-sharing patterns between participants with high-functioning ASD and typically developed (TD) controls. In this task, participants adjusted the total force of their four fingers to a target force, while the relative contribution of each finger-force to the total force is arbitrarily determined by the participants. To examine this hypothesis, we adopted a multi-digit force-sharing task to investigate the relationships among physical performances of individual fingers 10, 11, 12. Our rationale for this hypothesis is that form and function are closely related in biological systems 9, suggesting the possibility of 4D dominance in not only morphology but also function. In the current study, we hypothesized that the small 2D:4D ratio is observed in not only finger morphology but also physical performance (motor function) in ASD. Thus, the small 2D:4D ratio is consistent with the ‘extreme male brain’ theory of autism 7, 8 and suggests that prenatal testosterone drives ASD characteristics in brains with specific backgrounds 1. The digit ratio 2D:4D has been proposed as a retrospective marker of a prenatal testosterone 3, 4, and a smaller value (i.e., long ring finger relative to index finger) corresponds to more male-typical characteristics 5, 6. Similar content being viewed by othersĪ number of studies have reported that 2D:4D (length of the second finger divided by length of the fourth finger) is smaller in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or ASD-affected individuals than in unaffected controls 1, 2. Collectively, these results extend the 2D:4D ratio beyond being a morphological marker to being involved in motor functions in the form of 4D dependence in a multi-digit force task. Our analysis of functional connectivity in resting-state functional MRI suggests that connectivity between the visual cortex and the cerebellum contributes to the 4D dependence. We found a significant correlation between 4D dependence and scores of the standard diagnostic instrument across individuals with ASD. Individuals with ASD showed a significant 4D dependence compared to TD controls in the task. Individuals with ASD and TD controls participated in a multi-digit force-producing task. Because form and function are closely related in biological systems, we hypothesized that the 4D dominance occurs in not only finger morphology but also physical performance in ASD. Screening adults for Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: A preliminary study of its diagnostic validity in clinical practice.A number of studies have reported that the digit ratio 2D:4D (length of the second finger divided by length of the fourth finger) is smaller (longer fourth digit) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than in typically developed (TD) controls. RAADS-14 Screen: Validity of a screening tool for autism spectrum disorder in an adult psychiatric population. Adult autism subthreshold spectrum (AdAS Spectrum): Validation of a questionnaire investigating subthreshold autism spectrum. The adult repetitive behaviours questionnaire-2 (RBQ-2A): A self-report measure of restricted and repetitive behaviours. The autism-spectrum quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians.
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